276)įurther examples and explanations are available in Section 8.27 of the Publication Manual. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited, even when reel drugs were administered. The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. When including a quotation of more than 40 words, use a free-standing "block quotation" on a new line, indented 0.5 inches and omit quotation marks.Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect,' which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. Provide the author, publication year and a page number. Quotations of less than 40 words should be incorporated in the text and enclosed with double quotation marks.The reader can then follow up on the complete reference in the Reference List page at the end of your paper. If it will not cause confusion for the reader, names may be abbreviated thereafter:įirst citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 1999)ĭirect quotations allow you to acknowledge a source within your text by providing a reference to exactly where in that source you found the information. The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation.If there are three or more authors, include the last name of only the first author followed by "et al.":.as has been shown (James & Ryerson, 1999). as James and Ryerson (1999) demonstrated. If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year:.Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent references. In most cases, providing the author's last name and the publication year are sufficient:.The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Long quotationsĭirect quotations longer than 40 words should be in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks.
199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199) what implications does this have for teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.Īccording to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. If you are directly quoting from a work, include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
Here are some examples of in-text citations: Short quotations
If you are referring to an idea from another work but not directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, e.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. In APA format, follow the author, date method of in-text citation. How you cite a working within your document varies depending on your writing style, whether you are quoting your source directly, and the type of source you are quoting.
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